[4], This is the dynastic name generally given to the caliphs of Baghdad, the second of the two great Sunni dynasties of the Arab Empire. In this period Yemen was divided into three regions whose centers were San'a, al-Janad by Ta'izz, and Hadramawt. He proclaimed himself caliph in Hadramawt, San'a, Mecca, and Medina. Meanwhile, the period after 1849 saw a confused series of clashes between various claimants to the imamate in San'a and Sa'dah. In 1173 they were badly defeated by a coalition of the Zurayids of Aden and the Hamdanid sultans of San'a. As for the Rasulid regime it was upheld by a long series of very gifted sultans. In particular, for the From 1962 until unification in 1990, Yemen was divided into two warring states. Islam in Yemen dates back to about 630AD, when it was introduced into the region by Ali when Muhammad was still alive. Tahirid resistance leaders continued to disturb the Mamluk occupiers until 1538. History of Yemen To the Romans Yemen was ‘Arabia Felix’ (‘Fortunate Arabia’), whose mountains and fertile plains caught the tail end of the Indian Ocean monsoon rains and were distinct from the barren desert of the rest of the Arabian Peninsula. Thereafter, Yemen was ruled as part of Arab-Islamic caliphates, and Yemen became a province in the Islamic empire . Interestingly, it’s not Manhattan that’s the … An aristocratic group of Persian origins, Abna, dominated Sana'a. This was the Zaydiyyah movement led by the imam al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya (d. 911), a descendant of Muhammad. However, the imam withdrew when Syria left the union in 1961. Frequently, a member of the highest Abbasid aristocracy, including princes of the dynasty, served as governors. Michel Tuchscherer, 'Chronologie du Yemen (1506-1635)'. It was headed by a Kindi tribesman called Abdallah bin Yahya, known as Talib al-Haqq. Ayyubid rule was therefore an important stepping-stone for he next dynastic regime. The imams themselves adopted the style of Middle East monarchies, becoming increasingly distant figures. More troubling was his implicit support of suicide attacks. Islamic history of Yemen Islam in Yemen dates back to about 630 when it was introduced into the region by Ali when Muhammad was still alive. Sassanid rule of Yemen lasted from 570 to 630 CE. The People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen was a single-party communist republic known as South Yemen. Nevertheless, Zaidis are still over represented in the government and, in particular, in the former North Yemeni units within the armed forces. He also reinstated the common annual pilgrimage caravans to Mecca, trying to inspire a sense of unity between Sunni and Shi'a Muslims. It was during this period that the mosques in Janad (near Ta'izz) and the Great Mosque of Sana'a were built. He was, however, soon defeated by the troops of Caliph al-Ma'mun. The Qasimid state has been characterized as a "quasi-state" with an inherent tension between tribes and government, and between tribal culture and learned Islamic morality. From 1442 to 1454 a number of rival claimants competed for the throne, which led to the downfall of the dynasty in the latter year. Merchants from Gujarat frequented Yemen after the withdrawal of the Turks, and European traders established factories after 1618. The Banu Hamdan confederation were among the first to accept Islam. For some periods they were eclipsed by the highland dynasty of the Sulayhids. The Sunnization of the land was intensified and madrasas were built everywhere. Islamic Relief has been working in Yemen for over 20 years, and has continued its lifesaving work on the ground throughout the catastrophic conflict. He was defeated in 747, but as a result the Ibadiyyah group in Hadramawt obtained the right to choose their own governors for a while. [1] Islam was introduced by functionaries of Muhammad, but the extent of conversion is not known. Arwa is one of the few female rulers in the Islamic history of Arabia, and is praised in the sources for her piety, bravery, intelligence, and cultural interests. Governors were appointed directly by the caliph. Local control in the Middle Ages was exerted by a succession of families which included the Ziyadids (818-1018), the Najahids (1022-1158), the Egyptian Ayyubids (1174-1229) and the Turkoman Rasulids (1229-1454). It wasn’t until around 630 AD that Islam came to Yemen, during the rule of the Persians and the time of Mohammed the Prophet. During World War I Imam Yahya nominally adhered to the Ottomans, but was able to establish a fully independent state in 1918. Islamic Relief’s Dedication to Yemen Islamic Relief is a leading humanitarian organization in Yemen, with more than 3,000 field staff and volunteers in the country. The aggression of the Mahdids provoked a reaction from the other Yemeni dynasties. The Umayyads shifted their base outside the Arabian Peninsula, but continued to pay great attention to Yemen. The land was threatened by the Kharijites of Oman and Bahrayn in 686-689, and was then taken by the Marwanid branch of the Umayyads in 692. political event in Yemen’s history was the coming of Islam around A.D. 630. Sulayhid rule meant a nadir for the Zaydiyyah imamate, which did not bring forth any fully recognized imams from 1052 to 1138. In order to maintain power he acted as a hereditary king and appointed his own sons to govern the various provinces. There are mixed communities in the larger cities. During their participation in the armies of Islam, the Yemeni transferred much of their knowledge and know-how. As it turned out, the Tahirids were the last Sunni dynasty to rule in Yemen. Ibrahim bin Musa al-Kazim, brother of the well-known Alid Ali ar-Ridha, occupied San'a and the highlands in 815 and struck coins in his own name. A number of campaigns against the Zaydis were fought in 1539-56, and Sana'a was taken in 1547. [14], Now, the coast and southern highlands were suddenly left without a central government for the first time in almost 350 years. The second period includes the Islamic and the Amawi eras. He henceforth kept his court in Ta'izz rather than San'a. He was later able to secure an independent position in Yemen and was recognized as sultan in his own right by the Abbasid Caliph in 1235. Their state became institutionalized by the time, since Ottoman-style administration was applied, a standing army was kept, and a chief judge appointed. The imam al-Mansur al-Qasim (r. 1597-1620) belonged to one the branches of the Rassid (descendants of the first imam or his close family). The Sulayhids died out in 1138 with Queen Arwa. It was during this period that the mosques in Janad (near Ta'izz) and the Great Mosque of Sana'a were built. But Yemen remained fragmented: the historian al-Yaqubi (d. 897) speaks of 84 provinces and a large number of tribes. As ruling Imams of Yemen, they established a Shia theocratic political structure that survived with some intervals until 1962. Coffee had been introduced from Ethiopia in about 1543, and Yemen held a monopoly on this product for a long time. Regimes affiliated to the Egyptian Shia caliphs occupied much of northern and southern Yemen throughout the 11th century, including the Sulayhids and Zurayids, but the country was rarely unified for any long period of time. Adding to this, theological differences surfaced in the 18th century, since the Qasimids practiced ijtihad (legal reinterpretations) and were accused of illicit innovations (bidah). The state was even able to contend with the Ayyubids and later the Mamluks over influence in Hijaz. Members of the Ayyubid Dynasty were appointed to rule Yemen up to 1229, but they were often absent from the country, a factor that finally led to them being superseded by the following regime, the Rasulids. The lucrative coffee trade declined in the 18th century with new producers in other parts of the world. The products of Sana'a and Aden have been particularly important in the East-West textile trade. However, the polity began to decline in the 14th century, and especially after 1424. For a time, the imams ruled a comprehensive territory, from Asir in the north to Aden in the south, and to Dhofar in the far east. From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core, The four rightly-guided Caliphs (632-661 AD). A certain al-Aswad al-Ansi proclaimed himself prophet in 632 and found some support among the Yemenis. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 increased this incentive. Yemen was already the poorest country in the Middle East when the conflict broke out in March 2015. This page was last modified on 21 December 2015, at 06:14. Yemen plays a prominent role in the early history of Islam. The land remained much like it had been in pre-Islamic times, and the new religion became another factor in the internal conflicts that afflicted Yemeni society since old. The Ziyadids, as his family was called, were able to extend their influence over the most of Yemen, including Hadramawt and at least part of the highlands. From the start, the Yemeni were in the vanguard of the expanding Islamic armies and were entrusted a number of important tasks. Its capital was Aden. The centre of the imamic state was San'a, although the imams also used other places of residence such as ash-Shahara and al-Mawahib. From about 1000 BC this region of the Southern Arabian Peninsula was ruled by three successive civilisations -- 43% of the Zaidi order of Shia Islam, 2% of the Ja'fari and Taiyabi Ismaili orders of Shia Islam. It was agreed in 1902 to demarcate the border between the respective spheres of interest, and an agreement was signed in 1914. Through a series of extremely violent raids they were able to subdue Tihama and some of the mountainous parts of the country. Yemen has long existed at a crossroads of cultures with a strategic location in terms of trade on the west of the Arabian Peninsula. However, Yemen was too far removed to be managed efficaciously. On the positive side, the Ayyubids united the bulk of Yemen in a way that had hardly been achieved before. This was the backdrop to the later division in two Yemeni states (up to 1990). The power of the imamate declined in the 18th and 19th century for a number of reasons. In many respects the new regime tried to imitate the Bani Rasul whose institutions they took over. Saudi Arabia supported the imam while Egypt dispatched troops to prop up the republicans. Thus they built schools, mosques and irrigation channels as well as water cisterns and bridges in Zabid, Aden, Yafrus, Rada, Juban, etc. During certain periods, Yemen was administarively grouped together with Hijaz and Yamama. Politically the Tahirids did not have ambitions to expand beyond Yemen itself. The Christian tribes of Najran were evicted; however, the Jewish population was allowed to remain against the payment of the jizya. Rasulid projects extended as far as Mecca. In the time of Muhammad, the Yemeni lands included the large tribal confederations Himyar, Madh'hij, Kindah, Hashid, Bakil, and Azd. What is undisputed by historians today is what was already known, and written down, in the letters of sixteenth-century Muslim travelers—the uncredited first historians of coffee: That by the mid-1400s, a mysterious new plant is reported to grow in Ethiopia, then it moves on to Yemen where it is used for prayer. In 817 the Caliph al-Ma'mun appointed the Umayyad Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Ziyad to restore order in the turbulent Yemeni lands. Judges and Qu'ran instructors were also appointed.

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